In the early 1960s Kenya initiated a major effort to modernize its primary education - the so-called “New Primary Approach” (NPA). As this movement became more widespread, with large numbers of schools involved, the need for an in-service teacher training programme became a matter or urgency. In 1966, therefore, two major in-service courses were launched, one for primary headmasters, of whom there were about 5,000 in Kenya, and the other for unqualified teachers - about 8,000 in all.